The Determination of Sky View-Factors in Urban Environments Using Video Imagery

The most advanced stage of water erosion, the gully, represents severe problems in different contexts, both in rural and urban environments. In the search for a stabilization of the process in a viable manner it is of utmost importance to assess the efficiency of evaluation methodologies. For this purpose, the efficiency of low-cost conservation practices were tested for the reduction of soil and nutrient losses caused by erosion from gullies in Pinheiral, state of Rio de Janeiro. The following areas were studied: gully recovered by means of physical and biological strategies; gullies in recovering stage, by means of physical strategies only, and gullies under no restoration treatment. During the summer of 2005/2006, the following data sets were collected for this study: soil classification of each of the eroded gully areas; planimetric and altimetric survey; determination of rain erosivity indexes; determination of amount of soil sediment; sediment grain size characteristics; natural amounts of nutrients Ca, Mg, K and P, as well as total C and N concentrations. The results for the three first measurements were 52.5, 20.5, and 29.0 Mg in the sediments from the gully without intervention, and of 1.0, 1.7 and 1.8 Mg from the gully with physical interventions, indicating an average reduction of 95 %. The fully recovered gully produced no sediment during the period. The data of total nutrient loss from the three gullies under investigation showed reductions of 98 % for the recovering gully, and 99 % for the fully recovered one. As for the loss of nutrients, the data indicate a nutrient loss of 1,811 kg from for the non-treated gully. The use of physical and biological interventions made it possible to reduce overall nutrient loss by more than 96 %, over the entire rainy season, as compared to the non-treated gully. Results show that the methods used were effective in reducing soil and nutrient losses from gullies.

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Determination of Motivation of 5th Grade Students Living in Rural and Urban Environments towards Science Learning and their Attitudes towards Science-technology Course

Journal of Education and Training Studies ◽

10.11114/jets.v4i7.1561 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 (7) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

İsmail Kenar ◽

Mücahit Köse ◽

Halil İbrahim Demir

Keyword(s):

Science Learning ◽

Urban Environments ◽

Science Technology ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Attitudes Towards Science ◽

5Th Grade ◽

Technology Course

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Comments on “The Determination of View-Factors in Urban Canyons”

Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology ◽

10.1175/1520-0450(1985)024<0383:codovf>2.0.co;2 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 24 (4) ◽

pp. 383-385 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

D. G. Steyn ◽

T. J. Lyons

Keyword(s):

View Factors

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Computer program for the determination of view factors

Agricultural Meteorology ◽

10.1016/0002-1571(68)90046-0 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 139-140 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

William E. Reifsnyder

Keyword(s):

Computer Program ◽

View Factors

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Brochantite-2M2 from Pierre Plate Mine, Vizille

Powder Diffraction ◽

10.1154/1.2964219 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 23 (3) ◽

pp. 246-250 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Wilson A. Crichton ◽

Harald Müller

Keyword(s):

Least Squares ◽

Powder Diffraction ◽

Urban Environments ◽

Powder Xrd ◽

Secondary Alteration ◽

Space Group ◽

X Ray ◽

Cell Parameters

Evidence for the recently described 2M2 polytype of brochantite from X-ray powder diffraction investigation of secondary alteration products of ore material from the Pierre Plate Mine, Vizille, Isère, France is presented. This report is the first to describe the 2M2 polytype from locations outside of Italy and through the use of powder XRD methods. In the procedure used herein, developed in a study by Merlino et al. [Eur. J. Mineral 15, 267–275 (2003)], we have used family reflections, common to both main types of brochantite, as the source of approximate cell parameters from which we obtain positions of characteristic reflections to demonstrate the unique choice of polytype, before final refinement stage. This method demonstrates that the determination of polytype is possible from powder data, for samples typical of both geological and urban environments. Least-squares refined cell parameters for the 2M2 polytype from Pierre Plate are a=12.7409(8) Å, b=9.8371(6) Å, c=6.0109(3) Å, and a=90.135(9)°, constrained in space group P21/n11.

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Assessment of Geotechnical Hazard due to Deep Excavations in Bogota Clays: A Contribution for Sustainability in Urban Environments

Revista Facultad de Ingeniería ◽

10.19053/01211129.v29.n54.2020.11373 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 29 (54) ◽

pp. e11373

Author(s):

Jorge Arturo Pineda-Jaimes ◽

Cesar Augusto García-Ubaque ◽

Rodrigo Elías Esquivel-Ramírez

Keyword(s):

Urban Environments ◽

Soft Soils ◽

Deep Excavations ◽

Surface Displacements ◽

Vertical Ground ◽

Three Stages ◽

Strength And Stiffness ◽

Hazard Level ◽

The City

The development of resilient and sustainable cities considers the construction of infrastructure projects that involve deep excavations. During excavations, surface displacements frequently occur that may be inadmissible for previously constructed elements of the urban environment, threatening the sustainability of already consolidated sectors. In this article, we present an approximation to the estimation of the geotechnical hazard by deep excavations in soft lacustrine soils of Bogotá, DC, using parametric numerical simulations that sought to establish the probability of occurrence of base bottom heave, and the estimation of surface displacements for variable excavation geometries. A database was consolidated from 85 projects found in geotechnical zones having soft soils in the city. From this base, statistically representative values of shear strength and stiffness were determined, and a statistically representative geotechnical profile of the lacustrine clays was prepared for parametric analyzes. The hazard estimation was developed in three stages: construction of the geotechnical model, approach of hazard scenarios and determination of the hazard level. The following parameters were considered: excavation geometry (base and height), safety factor, failure probability and vertical ground displacements (settlements). Finally, a matrix is presented to determine the hazard level by excavations in the soft soils of Bogotá, whose data provide a prior assessment that contributes to promoting resilience and sustainability of already developed areas.

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Methodological Approach to Determination of Priorities in Ecological Estimation of the Russian Territories

KnE Materials Science ◽

10.18502/kms.v6i1.8040 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

I.G. Spiridonov ◽

E.N. Levchenko ◽

D.S. Klyucharev

Keyword(s):

Environmental Impact ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Mineral Exploration ◽

Methodological Approach ◽

Federal District ◽

Environmental Safety ◽

Rare Metal ◽

Urban Environments

This paper assesses the main types of environmental impact caused by mineral exploration and mining. The ecological situation due to the extraction and processing of mineral raw materials in the mining regions, as well as the environmental impact of accumulated mining waste are shown. The results of environmental monitoring of the quality of the industrial urban environments of the Russian Federation are also presented. Based on the analysis of the database of existing man-made formations, including those produced from the rare metal deposits, the maps of their distribution over the territory of Russia as a whole and the territory of the Ural Federal District are compiled. The ranking of man-made deposits and formations by their impact on environmental elements has been performed. Keywords: mining, industrial waste, heavy metals, ecosystem pollution, environmental safety

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